NCERT Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside (Free PDF)

History is an important subject of the class 8 syllabus. In this blog, we shall discuss chapter 3 of class 8 History – Ruling the Countryside. This chapter deals with how the East India Company colonised India to generate revenues. It elaborates on each subtopic to provide a clear picture of the colonisation era. In this blog, you will find comprehensive Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Notes, chapter 3 of history. 

Download Social Science Class 8 History Chapter 3 Important Questions and Answers PDF

Important Short Notes in NCERT Class 8 Chapter 3

The Beginning of Ruling the Countryside Class 8 

On 12 August 1765, the East India Company became the Diwan of Bengal as appointed by the Mughal emperor. Hence, was recognised as the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. The East India Company colonised the countryside primarily to organise revenue resources. It further went on to redefine the rights of people.

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Generation of Revenue by the East India Company

This part of the chapter, Ruling the Countryside discusses how the East India Company (EIC) generated revenue for exports.

• With the EIC getting the Diwani rights, it started extracting revenue out of it and used various measures for this purpose. The EIC considered itself primarily as a trader.
• Before 1865, the EIC imported gold from Britain to purchase goods in India and after getting the Diwani rights, used the revenue collected in Bengal to purchase goods for export.
• At this point, the economy of Bengal faced a severe crisis as workers and craftsmen were being exploited and not paid enough.
• A famine that led to the death of nearly 10 million people occurred in Bengal in 1770. Despite such terrible conditions, the EIC paid no heed to the matters related to the peasantry class as all they focussed on was collecting revenue.

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Agricultural Reforms – Permanent Settlement by EIC

The EIC introduced a form of Permanent Settlement in 1793, which recognised rajas and taluqdars as zamindars. They were supposed to collect rent from peasants to generate revenue for the company. The EIC fixed the revenue amount which was supposed to be collected. The purpose of this settlement was to ensure a smooth flow of revenue and also encourage zamindars to invest in improving the land. 

Problems in the Permanent Settlement System

1. The company officials came to know that the zamindars were not investing much because of the high revenue fixed by EIC.
2. During the first decade of 19th C, the prices in the market increased as a result of which, cultivation expanded. So, the zamindars denied investing more in the land.
3. Since the land rents were too high, the cultivators had to take loans and when they failed to repay the loan they were evicted from their land. Thus, making this system very oppressive. 

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Formation of a New System 

The next topic in the Ruling the Countryside class 8 notes is the Mahalwari Settlement. With the permanent settlement system causing so many problems, the EIC decided to devise a new system. Holt Mackenzie took charge and devised the new system in 1822 after thoroughly analysing village systems. Under the leadership of Holt, collectors were asked to inspect the land and record the customs of various groups. 

The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This however was to be revised periodically. In this system,  the village headman was in charge of collecting the revenue. This system came to be known as the Mahalwari Settlement.

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Munro System And its Consequences

In the Southern British territories, a new system was devised. This came to be known as Ryotwari, in which settlements were made directly with the cultivators. Before revenue collection, their field was surveyed. To increase the taxes collected from land, high revenue charges were set by the British. As a result of this many cultivators were unable to pay and hence fled the countryside.

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Crop Production 

By the latter half of the 19th Century, to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo, the EIC forced peasants to produce other crops. Like Tea in Assam, Rice in madras, Jute in Bengal, Wheat in Punjab, and Sugar cane in UP.

India at that point was the leading producer of Indigo. Indigo produced a colour, blue which was used in Morris Prints. Hence, the demand for indigo increased. While the demand for indigo increased, its supplies from other places like the American and West Indies significantly decreased because of multiple reasons. Between 1783 and 1789 the production of indigo in the world was reduced by half.

In such circumstances, the EIC looked for ways to expand indigo cultivation in India. They were very moved by the high profits aspect of Indigo and hence started cultivating Indigo in India. 

Before you move on to the next topic in Ruling the Countryside Class 8 notes, read about a revolutionary movement in the history of India – Home Rule Movement!

All about Indigo Cultivation

How was indigo cultivated? Two methods were followed for indigo cultivation: 

1. Nij System – Indigo was produced by planters on land that were directly controlled by them. The land was either rented or bought from the zamindars. However, the major issue with this system was that the planters couldn’t easily expand the area as it required many ploughs and bullocks. Thus, the planters were not willing to expand the areas.
2. Ryoti System – Under his system, peasants were made to sign an agreement/satta and got cash advances at a low rate of interest to cultivate indigo. Soon after the peasants realised how the loan system was and that they couldn’t cultivate rice on the same land. As a result, they refused to cultivate indigo. 

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Rise of the Blue Rebellion

Having realised the disadvantage of indigo cultivation, peasants refuse to cultivate indigo. They believed that they would get support from the British government in their struggle. The government established an indigo commission to enquire about indigo production. The commission suggested the ryots complete their existing contract and then stop cultivating indigo. After the revolt of 1857, indigo production collapsed. 

Here is an important aspect of Indian History that you must read – Rowlatt Act.

Important Extra Questions in NCERT Class 8 Chapter 3

1. Who was appointed to collect rent and pay revenue to the Company during Permanent?
   Settlement?
2. Who devised the system of Mahalwari?
3. When did the Mughal emperor appoint the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal?
4. Which settlement was introduced in 1793?
5. What was the conclusion of Permanent Settlement at the end?
6. What is meant by Mahal?
7. Name the two systems adopted for growing indigo by the cultivators.
8. What was the biggest drawback for zamindars in Permanent Settlement?
9. Who initiated and developed the Ryotwari system?
10. What was common in Kalamkari and Morris cotton print?
    

Answers

1. Zamindars were appointed to collect rent and pay revenue to the Company during
   Permanent Settlement.
2. Holt Mackenzie devised the Mahalwari system.
3. On 12th August 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the
   Diwan of Bengal.
4. Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793.
5. Permanent Settlement failed.
6. Mahal means village or groups of villages.
7. Nij and Ryoti were two systems adopted by the cultivators.
8. Failure of payment of revenue resulting in loss of the zamindari was the biggest
   drawback which zamindars faced in Permanent Settlement.
9. Captain Alexander Read initiated and Thomas Munro developed the Ryotwari system.
10. A rich blue colour commonly known as ‘Indigo’ was used in Kalamkari and Morris
    cotton prints.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 3

Now that you are through with the Ruling the Countryside class 8 notes, test your knowledge with these questions: 

1. Match the following:

Ryot	Village
Mahal	Peasant
Nij	Cultivation on ryot’s lands
Ryoti	Cultivation on planter’s own land

Ryot	Peasant
Mahal	Village
Nij	Cultivation on planter’s own land
Ryoti	Cultivation on ryot’s land

2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw __________ as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of __________.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of __________.
(d) The Champaran movement was against __________.

(a) Indigo 
(b)because of the expansion of cotton production that leads to an enormous demand for cloth dyes
(c) synthetic dyes
(d) indigo planters

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