Complex Numbers Class 11

Previously you must have learnt about quadratic and linear equations in one or two variables. The chapter Quadratic Equations and Complex Numbers will advance your knowledge by introducing the concept of complex numbers. You will learn how to find the solutions of equations beyond the real number. So let’s get started and quickly go through this important topic of class 11 maths syllabus.

What are Complex Numbers?

Class 11 maths NCERT solutions state that there is a number root over -1. The number can also be written in the form of i²=-1. It goes to show that it is a solution to the equation x²+1=0. It explains a number in the form of e+ if where e and f are real numbers is referred to as a complex number.

For a given equation of the form x²+1=0, there will be no real solution because x²=-1 and the square of all real numbers are non-negative. Thus, we need to extend the real number system to a larger system for finding the solutions of a quadratic equation- x²= -1. Our main objective is to find the solution for the equation ax²+bx+c=0 where D<0 and equal to b²-4ac that is not feasible in the system of real numbers.

The chapter illustrates that, a complex number of the form q=e+jf, then e is referred to as the real portion denoted by R en and f is referred to the imaginary portion denoted by I mn of the complex number n. Hence, if n is in the form of n=4+i10 then R en=4 and Im n=10. For instance, if there are two complex numbers n1=e+jf and n2=l+km are equal if e=l and f=m.

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Properties of Complex Numbers

• Conjugate of a Complex Number: If the sum and product of two complex numbers are real numbers, then they are called conjugate complex numbers.
• Reciprocal of a Complex Number:  The process of division of complex numbers is equal to the product of one complex number with the reciprocal of another complex number.
• Equality of Complex Numbers: The equality of complex numbers is similar to the equality of real numbers.
• The sum or product of two conjugate complex numbers is real.
• Ordering of Complex Numbers:  Complex numbers do not have the structure of an ordered field, and there is no ordering of the complex numbers that are compatible with addition and multiplication.

Addition of Two Complex Numbers

The next topic that that chapter complex numbers exemplifies is the addition of two complex numbers. Let n1 = l + jm and n2 = p + iq be any two complex numbers. Then, the sum n1 + n2 is defined as follows: n1 + n2 = (l + p) + i (m + q), which is again a complex number.

For example, (4 + i6) + (– 7 +i9) = (4 – 7) + i (6 + 9) = – 3 + i 16. Here are some properties that satisfy addition of complex numbers-

• The Closure Law: It states that when two complex numbers are added it results in the formation of a complex number i.e., n1 + n2 is a complex number for all complex numbers n1 and n2
• The Commutative Law: Suppose you are given two complex numbers n1 and n2 , then n1 + n2 = n2 + n1
• The Associative Law: Class 11 maths NCERT solutions explains that suppose you are given three complex numbers n1 , n2 , n3  then (n1 + n2 ) + n3 = n1 + (n2 + n3 )
• The existence of Additive Identity : Suppose you are given a complex number of the form 0 + i 0 (denoted as 0), referred to as the additive identity or the zero complex number, such that, for every complex number n, n + 0 = n
• The Existence of Additive Inverse:  Class 11 maths NCERT solutions explains suppose you are given a complex number n = l + jm, then we will also have the complex number of the form – l + i(– m) (denoted as – n), referred the additive inverse or negative of n. We observe that n + (–n) = 0 (the additive identity)

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Subtraction of Two Complex Numbers

Given any two complex numbers n1 and n2, the subtraction n1 – n2 is defined as follows: n1 – n2 = n1 + (– n2 ).

For example, (6 + 3i) – (2 – i) = (6 + 3i) + (– 2 + i ) = 4 + 4i and (2 – i) – (6 + 3i) = (2 – i) + ( – 6 – 3i) = – 4 – 4i

Multiplication

Let n1 = a + ib and n2 = c + id be any two complex numbers. Then, the multiplication n1 n2 is defined as follows: n1 n2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc).

For example, (3 + i5) (2 + i6) = (3 × 2 – 5 × 6) + i(3 × 6 + 5 × 2) = – 24 + i28. The chapter also elaborates that when you have to multiply complex numbers it has to abide by the undermentioned properties.

• Closure law: When you multiply two complex numbers a resulting number is also a complex number, the multiplication n1 n2 is a complex number for all complex numbers n1 and n2
• Commutative law: For any two complex numbers n1 and n2, n1 n2 = n2 n1
• The associative law: For any three complex numbers n1 , n2 , n3 , (n1 n2 ) n3 = n1 (n2 n3 )
• Existence of multiplicative identity: Suppose you are given a complex number of form 1 + i 0 (denoted as 1), referred to the multiplicative identity such that n.1 = n, for every complex number n
• Existence of multiplicative inverse: Suppose you are given non zero complex number of the form n = a + ib or a + bi(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), we have the complex number 22 22 a –b i ab ab + + + (denoted by 1 n or n–1 ), referred the multiplicative inverse of n such that 1 n. 1 n = (the multiplicative identity.

Class 11 maths NCERT solutions explains that the distributive law: For any three complex numbers n1 , n2 , n3 ,

(a) n1 (n2 + n3 ) = n1 n2 + n1 n3

(b) (n1 + n2 ) n3 = n1 n3 + n2 n3

Argand Plane and Polar Representation

Similar to each ordered pair of real numbers (n1, n2), we will have a point unique in the N1N2 plane along with its opposite which will refer to a set of lines mutually perpendicular referred to as the n1-axis and the n2-axis. The complex number n1 + in2 which corresponds to the ordered pair (n1, n2) can be represented geometrically as the unique point P(n1, n2) in the N1N2-plane and vice-versa. Some complex numbers such as 4+81, – 4 + 6, 0 + 1i, 4 + 0i, – 10 –2i and 1 – 2i which correspond to the ordered pairs (4, 8), ( – 4, 6), (0, 1), (4, 0), ( –10, –2), and (1, – 2). Class 11 maths NCERT solutions states that when a complex number is contained in a plane then each of the points is called the complex or the Argand plane.

Formulas

Examples

Here are a few examples that can help you understand the terms and concepts in a better manner.

Practice Questions

Here are a few practice questions that you can solve and test you knowledge in Complex Numbers.

• Factorize: x² + y²
• The complex number 2 + 4i is one of the root to the quadratic equation x² + bx + c = 0, where b and c are real numbers. Find b and c.
• Find the modulus of the complex quantity (2 – 3i)(-1 + 7i).
• Find all complex numbers z such that z² = -1 + 2 sqrt (6) i.
• Show that the complex number 2i is a root of the equation: z⁴ + z³ + 2 z² + 4z – 8 = 0
• Evaluate the following expressions: a) (3 + 2i) – (8 – 5i), b) (4 – 2i)*(1 – 5i).
• Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number z = 4 – 5i.
• Determine all complex numbers z that satisfy the following equation where z’ is the complex conjugate of z.

z + 3 z’ = 5 – 6i.

• Find the amplitude and modulus of the complex number -2 + 2√3i.

Download the PDF for Complex Numbers.

Thus, we hope that through these notes on complex numbers, we have helped you in understanding one of the most essential concepts of class 11 mathematics. For expert advice related to upcoming crucial decisions, get in touch with our Leverage Edu experts. Book an e-meeting.