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These NCERT solutions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change offer clear, concise answers to all exercise questions from the Fundamentals of Physical Geography textbook. Designed to deepen understanding of Koeppen’s climate classification, greenhouse gases, and climate change impacts, these solutions simplify complex topics for students. Ideal for exam preparation and class discussions, they enhance conceptual clarity and boost performance. Download the free PDF to revise key concepts like global climate patterns and environmental changes anytime, ensuring a strong grasp of this critical geography chapter.
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Explore Notes of Class 11 Fundamentals of Geography
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Geography Fundamentals of Geography Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change
These NCERT solutions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 11 will help you understand the world climate and climate change. Regular revision of these answers will boost your exam performance.
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(i) Which one of the following is suitable for Koeppen’s “A” type of climate?
(a) High rainfall in all the months
(b) Mean monthly temperature of the coldest month more than freezing point
(c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18°C
(d) Average temperature for all the months below 10°C
Solution:
(c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18°C: Koeppen’s “A” climate is tropical, characterised by high temperatures throughout the year, with all months above 18°C.
(ii) Koeppen’s system of classification of climates can be termed as:
(a) Applied
(b) Systematic
(c) Genetic
(d) Empirical
Solution:
(d) Empirical: Koeppen’s system is empirical, based on observable data like temperature and precipitation, rather than causes (genetic) or applications (applied).
(iii) Most of the Indian Peninsula will be grouped according to Koeppen’s system under:
(a) “Af”
(b) “BSh”
(c) “Cfb”
(d) “Am”
Solution:
(d) “Am”: Most of the Indian Peninsula falls under Koeppen’s “Am” (tropical monsoon) climate, with high rainfall during the monsoon and a distinct dry season.
(iv) Which one of the following years is supposed to have recorded the warmest temperature the world over?
(a) 1990
(b) 1998
(c) 1885
(d) 1950
Solution:
(b) 1998: The year 1998 was recorded as one of the warmest globally due to a strong El Niño event, contributing to elevated global temperatures.
(v) Which one of the following groups of four climates represents humid conditions?
(a) A—B—C—E
(b) A—C—D—E
(c) B—C—D—E
(d) A—C—D—F
Solution:
(d) A—C—D—F: These climates (tropical, cold humid continental, and humid subtropical) are characterised by sufficient precipitation to support humid conditions, unlike dry “B” climates.
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2. Answer the Following Questions in About 30 Words
(i) Which two climatic variables are used by Koeppen for the classification of the climate?
Solution: Koeppen used temperature and precipitation as the two main climatic variables to classify climates, focusing on their monthly and annual patterns to define climate types.
(ii) How is the “genetic” system of classification different from the “empirical” one?
Solution: Genetic classification focuses on the causes of climate, like atmospheric dynamics, while empirical classification, like Koeppen’s, relies on observable data such as temperature and precipitation.
(iii) Which types of climates have a very low range of temperature?
Solution: Tropical climates (Type A) have a very low temperature range due to consistently high temperatures year-round, driven by high solar insolation near the equator.
(iv) What type of climatic conditions would prevail if the sun spots increase?
Solution: Increased sunspots could lead to higher solar radiation, raising global temperatures, potentially intensifying warm, humid climates and causing more frequent extreme weather events.
3. Answer the Following Questions in About 150 Words
(i) Make a comparison of the climatic conditions between the “A” and “B” types of climate.
Solution: Koeppen’s “A” climates are tropical, characterised by high temperatures (all months above 18°C) and significant precipitation, often exceeding evaporation, supporting lush vegetation like rainforests. Subtypes include “Af” (wet year-round), “Am” (monsoon), and “Aw” (savanna with dry season). These climates occur near the equator, e.g., the Amazon Basin. In contrast, “B” climates are arid or semi-arid, defined by low precipitation where evaporation exceeds rainfall, leading to deserts or steppes. Subtypes include “BWh” (hot desert), “BWk” (cold desert), “BSh” (hot steppe), and “BSk” (cold steppe), found in regions like the Sahara or Central Asia. “A” climates have high humidity and consistent warmth, while “B” climates experience extreme temperature variations and water scarcity, shaping sparse vegetation like cacti or grasses, impacting agriculture and human settlement patterns differently.
(ii) What type of vegetation would you find in the “C” and “A” type(s) of climate?
Solution: In Koeppen’s “A” (tropical) climates, vegetation is dense and diverse due to high temperatures and abundant rainfall. “Af” climates support evergreen rainforests with tall, broad-leaf trees, as in the Amazon. “Am” climates have monsoon forests with deciduous trees, while “Aw” climates feature savannas with grasses and scattered trees. In “C” (temperate) climates, vegetation varies by subtype. “Cfb” (cold, humid continental) supports coniferous forests with pines and firs, as in parts of Europe. “Csa” and “Csb” (Mediterranean) feature scrublands with drought-resistant shrubs like olives. “Cwa” and “Cwb” have mixed forests or grasslands. The high precipitation in “A” climates fosters lush, biodiverse ecosystems, while “C” climates, with seasonal variations, support more varied, often deciduous or coniferous vegetation adapted to cooler temperatures.
(iii) What do you understand by the term “Greenhouse Gases”? Make a list of greenhouse gases.
Solution: Greenhouse gases are atmospheric gases that trap heat by absorbing infrared radiation, contributing to the greenhouse effect, which warms the Earth’s surface. This natural process is intensified by human activities, leading to global warming. Major greenhouse gases include:
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Released from burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
- Methane (CH₄): Emitted from agriculture, landfills, and natural gas production.
- Nitrous Oxide (N₂O): Produced from fertilisers and industrial processes.
- Water Vapour: Naturally abundant, amplified by warming from other gases.
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Synthetic gases from refrigerants, damaging the ozone layer.
- Ozone (O₃): A secondary greenhouse gas in the troposphere.
These gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄, drive climate change by enhancing heat retention, impacting global temperatures, sea levels, and weather patterns, necessitating mitigation efforts like reducing emissions.
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Download NCERT Solutions Class 11 Geography Fundamentals of Physical Geography Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change
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