Recording of Transactions – Class 11

The Accountancy topics taught in Class 11 aim to impart a sound understanding of the field with respect to the upcoming advanced studies. One such topic is Recording of Transactions that familiarizes us with core knowledge of how we can prepare different types of entries for various accounts. For all those who are exploring handy study material for this topic, here in this blog we have devised comprehensive notes for this topic.

Chapter 1

Nature of transactions and source documents are the first sort of topics covered under this chapter.

Learn Basics: Debit and Credit Rules

As explained in the Class 11 Accountancy chapter, an account is a summarized and brief record of a transaction found at a single place. It is related to a particular accounting head. An account is categorized into two sides, i.e., debit and credit. 

Approach Used in the Rules of Debit and Credit

The approach used in a dual system of accounting is the Traditional Approach. Under this approach, accounts are mainly divided into two main heads: – 

Personal Account 
It refers to those accounts that are related to a particular person or individual. Persons include companies, firms, LLPs, etc. Personal account can be further classified into three divisions:- 

• Natural persons include accounts prepared for individuals. For example, Ram Account, Priya Account, etc. 
• Artificial Persons refer to those accounts who are treated as persons in the court of law Therefore, it means they possess a distinct legal identity. Examples would include accounts prepared for companies, for example., Reliance Ltd Account, etc. 
• Representative persons refer to those accounts that represent persons or individuals. For example, Capital Account (it represents the owner) and Accrued Salary Account (it represents the employee whose salary is outstanding)

Impersonal Account 
This category includes accounts that are not related to any person. They can be categorized into Real Account and Nominal Account.

• Real Accounts: It includes fixed assets and cash accounts. Examples of real accounts are Machinery Account, Patents Account, Building Account, etc. 
• Nominal Accounts – These accounts do not have balances at the end of the accounting period. They include accounts of expenses and incomes. For example, Salary Account, Dividend Account, Interest Account, Rent Account, etc. come under the Nominal Account category. 

Debit and Credit Rules mentioned under Traditional Approach

As per the chapter, recording of transactions, there are some predetermined rules which one must follow to while preparing the entries for accounts and they are- 

Personal Account

Debit	the receiver
Credit	the giver

Real Account

Debit	what comes in
Credit	what goes out

Nominal Account

Debit	all expenses / losses
Credit	all incomes/gains

Source Documents

Source documents are the first-hand evidence that suggests a particular transaction has taken place. They are always in the form of a written document.

Types of Source Documents

The types of source documents that are mentioned in Class 11 recording of transactions are: 

• Invoices: The seller issues it at the time of sale of goods. It contains details like date of sale, quantity, item names, amount, tax rate and amount, etc.
• Debit Notes: Debit notes are essential for passing purchase return entries. Issued by the buyer, they come into the picture when the goods purchased are returned to the seller
• Credit Notes: Credit notes are important for passing sales return entries. They are prepared by the seller when he receives goods that are sold to the buyer
• Cash Memos: The seller prepares them at the time of sale of goods for cash  

Accounting Vouchers

Accounting vouchers are crucial for passing entries for business transactions. It is a piece of essential evidence proving the existence of a business transaction. 

Types and Classification of Accounting Vouchers

As per the chapter recording of transactions, the following accounting vouchers are explained:- 

• Cash Vouchers: Cash vouchers are mainly prepared for cash transactions. Cash vouchers are further classified into Debit Vouchers and Credit Vouchers. Debit Vouchers show payments made in cash and Credit Vouchers depict cash receipts

• Non-Cash Vouchers: Such vouchers are called Transfer Vouchers, mainly used for transactions that do not involve cash

Recording of Transactions-I: Theoretical Questions

Here are some theory based questions which you must practice

1. Where shall a transaction be recorded first, and why?

Answer: An entry for a business transaction in the process of accounting is first passed in the Journal. It helps in keeping track of all the debit and credit entries pertaining to each transaction. 

2. What are the fundamental steps of the accounting process?

3. What effects of entry would you have to provide to- Increase revenue, decrease expenditure, increase drawings, increase capital?

Answer: Debit effects need to be given to increase drawings, and credit effects need to be given to increase revenue and capital and decrease expenses. 

Recording of Transactions-I: Practical Questions

Pass the following entries in the Journal of Hayden and Bros.

• Rs. 1000 due from R are now bad debts
• R has become insolvent. He owed Rs. 2000. 60 paise in a rupee is recoverable from his estate
• Interest on capital for 9 months at 6% p.a. Rs. 150,000
• Provide depreciation on the machine for two months. The cost of the machine is 30,000.
• Goods of Rs. 2000 were taken by the proprietor. 

Solution

S.No.	Particulars	LF	Debit	Credit
a)	Bad Debts A/c Dr.		1,000
	To R A/c			1,000
	(Being due from R converted into bad debts.)
b)	Bad Debts A/c		800
	Cash A/c Dr.		1,200
	To R A/c			2,000
	(Being 60 paise in a rupee received from R.)
c)	Interest on Capital A/c Dr		6,750
	To Capital A/c			6,750
	(Being interested in capital provided for 9 months at 6% p.a.)
d)	Depreciation A/c Dr.		500
	To Machinery A/c			500
	(Being depreciation provided for two months)
e)	Drawings A/c Dr.		2,000
	To Purchases A/c			2,000
	(Being goods withdrawn by the proprietor for personal use.)

Worksheet on Recording of Transactions

List of Practice Questions 

The following questions can be referred to by Class 11 as practice questions for the topic recording of transactions.

1. Explain the significance of source documents as evidence in accounting.
2. Why are some of the accounting systems referred to as Double Accounting Systems?
3. How are debit and credit entries listed in the journal?

Chapter 2

Now that you are through with the first part of the recording of transactions chapter, let us move further and have a look at the topics that are mentioned in the second chapter.

Journals Under Recording of Transactions

The second part of the chapter recording of transactions begin with an explanation of types of books. The primary books that used by a business for recording transactions are: –

• Cash Book
• Petty Cash Book
• Sales Book
• Purchases Book
• Sales Return Book 
• Purchases Returns Book 

There are many other special-purpose books that are maintained by a business. It depends on the nature of transactions, the volume of transactions, and the scale on which the business operates. But, the aforementioned listed books are essential to maintain day-to-day financial activities.

Process of Recording Transactions 

Recording a particular transaction in the books is performed using the Double Entry System of Bookkeeping. It means that every transaction will have a debit effect and a credit effect. To understand the debit and credit effects, one needs to be through with the three categories in which the accounts are divided. These three categories have a standard and dedicated golden rule that applies uniformly in every transaction. 

Recording of Transactions – II: Theoretical Questions 

The following questions are mentioned in the chapter recording of transaction accountancy book class 11. Students must learn the below-mentioned topics to form a basic conceptual understanding. 

Why are Special-Purposes Books used for recording transactions?

Solution:

• Special-purpose books like Sales Book and Purchases Book are used to record transactions that are recurrent and routine. 
• Businesses having large volumes of transactions often maintain special-purpose books besides primary books. 
• The journal is subdivided further for quick, accurate, and efficient posting of entries. Maintaining special purpose books enables a clear division of duties among the team members. 

How is cash a book a journal as well as a ledger?

Solution:

• Cashbook serves the purpose of both journal and ledger. 
• Entries are posted directly from sources into a cash register. Therefore, there is no need to post them in a journal. 
• Additionally, cash and bank balances can be determined from the cash transactions posted directly. Hence, there is no necessity to prepare a cash account, which is part of a ledger. 

State the distinctions between return inwards and return outwards.

Solution:

Basis of Differences	Return Inwards	Return Outwards
Meaning	Return inwards means the return of goods sold to the customers.	Return outwards refers to returning the goods purchased to the suppliers.
Terminologies	Return inwards means sales returns.	Return outwards means purchase returns.
Treatment	Sales returns are deducted from sales in the trading account.	Purchase returns are deducted from purchases in the trading account.
Documents issued	Credit notes are prepared and issued by the seller.	The buyer prepares a debit note.
Balance	Return inwards has a debit balance.	Return outwards has a credit balance.

State the fundamental steps in the process of accounting.

Solution: The fundamental steps in the process of accounting are graphically depicted below: – 
Identification of the financial transactions from source documents like vouchers.

Recording the transactions in the primary book, i.e., journal.

Transferring the respective accounts into ledgers.

Transferring balances of different ledgers into the trial balance.

Preparing financial statements.

Communication of the financial results to different users of the financial statements.

What are the purposes of posting contra entries?

Solution:

• Contra entries are passed to show the movement of cash deposit and cash withdrawals into and from banks. 
• The purpose of passing contra entries is to show the relevant effects on both cash and bank balances. 
• Contra entries do not affect the financial position of a business.
• A contra entry is posted on both sides of the Two-Column Cash Book. 
• It is indicated by “C” in the ledger folio column

Explain the concept of accounting equations with the help of an example.

Solution:

• An accounting equation is formulated based on the dual concept of accounting.
• It means that every transaction affects both debit and credit balances simultaneously.
• Therefore, the accounting equation simply means that total assets are always equal to owners’ funds (capital) and external liabilities. 
• Example: – Business is commenced with cash Rs. 100,000. In this example, the cash account is debited (assets), because, Rs. 100,000 is invested in the business, and the capital account is credited (liability) by the same figure since capital is introduced in the business. 

Recording of Transactions – II: Practical Problems

Derived from the recording of transactions chapter, mentioned below are some necessary practical questions which you must practice to ace the topic-

Post the following transactions in a cash book for October 2009:

Date	Particulars	Amount (INR)
01	Cash in hand	12,000
09	Cash received from A	4,000
11	Payment of Rent Expense	2,000
12	Cash paid for goods purchased	6,000
16	Cash received for goods sold	9,000
19	Cash paid for stationery bought	300
21	Cash paid to B for full account settlement	2,000
25	Payment of Salary	1,000
30	Payment of Hire Charges	500

Solution: –
Cash Book
Dr.                                                                                                                                                           Cr.

Date	Particulars	L. F.	Amount (INR)	Date	Particulars	L. F.	Amount (INR)
2009				2009
Oct 01	Balance b/d		12,000	Oct 11	Rent		2,000
Oct 09	A		4,000	Oct 12	Purchases		6,000
Oct 16	Sales		9,000	Oct 19	Stationery		300
				Oct 21	B		2,000
				Oct 25	Salaries		1,000
				Oct 30	Hire Charges		500
					Balance c/d		13,200
	Total		25,000		Total		25,000

Journalise the transactions mentioned below in the books of A:

Date	Particulars	Amount (INR)
April 01	Business commenced with cash	75,000
April 06	Goods purchased with cash	10,000
April 10	Goods sold to S	5,000
April 15	Furniture purchased with cash	3,000
April 17	Cash received from S on full account settlement	4,000
April 20	Payment of Rent Expense	1,000
April 25	Payment of Salary	1,500

Solution: – 
Books of A
Journal

Date	Particulars	L. F.	Debit (INR)	Credit (INR)
2006 April 01	Cash A/c                                                      Dr.     To Capital A/c(Being business commenced with cash)		75,000	75,000
April 06	Purchases A/c                                             Dr.     To Cash A/c(Being goods purchased with cash)		10,000	10,000
April 10	S A/c                                                             Dr.     To Sales A/c(Being goods sold to S)		5,000	5,000
April 15	Furniture A/c                                              Dr.    To Cash A/c(Being furniture purchased.)		3,000	3,000
April 17	Cash A/c                                                      Dr.Discount Allowed A/c                               Dr.    To S A/c (Being account settled with S.)		4,0001,000	5,000
April 20	Rent A/c                                                      Dr.     To Cash A/c(Being rent paid.)		1,000	1,000
April 25	Salary A/c                                                    Dr.     To Cash A/c(Being salary paid.)		1,500	1,500

FAQs

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