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| Question 1. Who were some key social reformers challenging caste inequalities in colonial India? Answer: Key social reformers included Rammohun Roy, Jyotirao Phule, and Periyar (E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker), among others. Question 2. What were the main objectives of Raja Rammohun Roy’s reform initiatives? Answer: Rammohun Roy aimed to abolish practices like sati, promote Western education, advocate for women’s rights, and challenge Brahmanical dominance. Question 3. How did Jyotirao Phule challenge Brahmanical claims of superiority? Answer: Phule argued that Aryans were foreigners who subjugated indigenous Dravidian races and advocated for unity among Shudras and Ati Shudras to combat caste discrimination. Question 4. What was the significance of Periyar’s Self-Respect Movement? Answer: Periyar’s movement advocated for the dignity and rights of untouchables, critiqued Hindu scriptures, and challenged orthodox Hindu society’s efforts to uphold caste distinctions. Question 5. What were some of the tactics used by leaders like Ambedkar to challenge caste prejudices? Answer: Ambedkar led movements for temple entry, allowing Dalits to enter temples and use temple facilities, challenging caste prejudices, and asserting the rights of marginalised communities. Question 6. How did Periyar critique Hindu scriptures like the Codes of Manu and the Bhagavad Gita? Answer: Periyar argued that these texts were used to justify Brahmanical authority and social inequalities, and he advocated for their rejection to achieve social equality. Question 7. What reactions did orthodox Hindu society have to the non-Brahman movements? Answer: Orthodox Hindu society reacted by founding associations to uphold caste distinctions and justify them through scriptures, resisting the challenges posed by non-Brahman leaders. Question 8. What were some of the enduring legacies of the social reform movements in colonial India? Answer: The movements laid the groundwork for ongoing debates and movements for social justice and equality in modern India, shaping contemporary struggles for caste reform. Question 9. How did social reformers like Rammohun Roy contribute to the advancement of women’s rights in colonial India? Answer: Rammohun Roy advocated for women’s education, challenged practices like child marriage and sati, and promoted the idea of gender equality in education and society. Question 10. What role did education play in the empowerment of marginalised communities during the colonial period? Answer: Education provided marginalised communities with the tools to challenge caste prejudices and assert their rights, leading to the emergence of influential leaders and movements for social reform. |
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Let’s Recall
| 1. What social ideas did the following people support? – Rammohun Roy – Dayanand Saraswati – Veerasalingam Pantulu – Jyotirao Phule – Pandita Ramabai – Periyar – Mumtaz Ali – Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar Answer: The following are the Social Ideas Supported by Various Individuals: 1. Rammohun Roy: Supported ideas of religious and social reform, including the abolition of sati, the promotion of women’s rights, and the introduction of Western education. 2. Dayanand Saraswati: Advocated for religious and social reform based on the Vedas, including opposition to idol worship, the caste system, and child marriage. 3. Veerasalingam Pantulu: Supported women’s education, widow remarriage, and social equality in Telugu-speaking areas. 4. Jyotirao Phule: Advocated for caste equality, education for all, and social reform through his critiques of Brahmanical dominance and caste-based discrimination. 5. Pandita Ramabai: Supported women’s rights, education, and social reform, particularly for marginalised communities such as widows. 6. Periyar: Supported rationalism, social justice, and self-respect for all communities, particularly advocating against Brahmanical dominance and caste discrimination. 7. Mumtaz Ali: Advocated for social and religious reform within Islam, including women’s rights and education. 8. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar: Supported women’s education, widow remarriage, and social reform, particularly in Bengal. 2. State whether true or false: (a) When the British captured Bengal, they framed many new laws to regulate the rules regarding marriage, adoption, inheritance of property, etc. Ans: True (b) Social reformers had to discard the ancient texts in order to argue for reform in social practices. Ans: True (c) Reformers got full support from all sections of the people of the country. Ans: False (Reforms faced opposition from conservative elements within society. (d) The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1829. Ans: False (The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929, not 1829.) |
Let’s Discuss
3. What were the different reasons people had for not sending girls to school? Answer. The major reasons that people had for not sending girls to school were as follows: Economic constraints: Families may prioritise boys’ education due to limited financial resources. Social norms: Traditional beliefs may dictate that girls’ primary role is domestic, leading to their exclusion from formal education.Fear of safety: Concerns about girls’ safety while travelling to and attending school may deter families from sending them. 4. Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons? Answer. The reason for attacks and support of the Christian missionaries was because of the following reasons: Attacks: Christian missionaries were perceived as threats to traditional beliefs and cultural practices by some sections of society. Support: Some people may have supported missionaries for their educational and social welfare activities, which provided opportunities for marginalised communities and contributed to modernization and social reform. 6. In the British period, what new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were regarded as “low”? Answer. The New Opportunities for Low-Caste People in the British Period who came from castes that were regarded as ¨low¨ are as follows: Education: Access to Western education provided avenues for social mobility and employment opportunities. Government employment: The British administration offered opportunities for employment in various administrative roles. Military service: Some low-caste individuals found employment in the military, offering opportunities for upward mobility and economic stability. 7. How did Jyotirao, and other reformers justify their criticism of caste inequality in society? Answer. Jyotirao and other reformer justify their criticism of case inequality in society on the following grounds: Moral grounds: Reformers argued that caste inequalities were morally wrong and violated principles of justice and equality. Historical critique: They challenged the legitimacy of caste hierarchy by questioning its origins and historical basis. Social consequences: Reformers highlighted the negative social consequences of caste discrimination, such as poverty and oppression, to justify their criticism. 8. Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves? Answer. The two strong reasons Phule dedicated his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves are as follows: a) Symbolic connection: Phule dedicated his book to drawing parallels between the struggles of oppressed communities in India and the abolitionist movement in America. b) Solidarity: He sought to express solidarity with the cause of emancipation and highlight the universal struggle against oppression. 9. What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement? Answer. The aims of Ambedkar’s Temple Entry Movement were as follows: Social equality: Ambedkar aimed to challenge caste-based discrimination and assert the rights of marginalised communities to access religious spaces. Symbolic protest: By advocating for temple entry, he aimed to challenge the social norms that excluded certain castes from religious participation and promote inclusivity. 10. Why were Jyotirao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker critical of the national movement? Did their criticism help the national struggle in any way? Answer. Phule and Naicker criticized the national movement for its perceived failure to address caste-based inequalities and for perpetuating Brahmanical dominance. Their criticism contributed to broader discussions about social justice and equality within the national movement, prompting introspection and advocacy for greater inclusivity. |
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