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NCERT CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 Notes ¨The Age of Industrialisation¨ Solutions aims to provide students with insightful solutions. Our subject matter experts have offered simple and accurate answers for the exercises in the history book ¨India and the Contemporary World-II.¨
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| 1. What was Proto-industrialisation? Ans. Proto-industrialization was the phase before factories when large-scale production for international markets occurred in the countryside, not in factories. 2. Why did merchants move to the countryside in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Ans. Merchants moved to the countryside to supply money to peasants and artisans, asking them to produce goods for international markets due to restrictions in towns. 3. Who created the first cotton mill, and when did this happen? Ans. Richard Arkwright created the first cotton mill in the 1730s, bringing costly machines and all production processes under one roof. 4. What industries led the first phase of industrialization in Britain? Ans. The cotton and metal industries led the first phase of industrialization in Britain. 5. How did James Watt contribute to industrialization? Ans. James Watt improved the steam engine, patenting a new version in 1781, which was later manufactured by his industrialist friend Mathew Boulton. 6. Why did Victorian Britain prefer hand labour over machines? Ans. Victorian Britain preferred hand labour because there was no shortage of workers, and the demand for labour was seasonal in many industries. 7. How did the lives of workers change during industrialisation? Ans. Workers faced job scarcity, increased wages, fear of unemployment, and seasonal employment, with entire families often working long hours. 8. What impact did the East India Company have on Indian weavers? Ans. The East India Company controlled weavers by eliminating traders, granting loans for raw materials, and demanding cloth production for export, disrupting traditional practices. 9. Why did Indian textile exports decline in the early nineteenth century? Ans. Indian textile exports declined because British cotton goods flooded the market, and the local market shrank with increased Manchester imports. 10. How did industrial growth affect small-scale industries in India? Ans. Small-scale industries persisted, with handloom and handicraft production expanding due to technological improvements, despite the rise of factory production. |
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| 1. Explain the following: a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. Ans. a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. Women workers attacked the Spinning Jenny because it threatened their jobs. The Spinning Jenny was a machine that could spin multiple threads at once, reducing the need for manual labor and making many workers fear unemployment. b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. In the seventeenth century, European merchants employed peasants and artisans in villages because town guilds restricted production rights. By moving to the countryside, merchants bypassed these restrictions and ensured a steady supply of goods for international markets. c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century due to the rise of British-controlled ports like Bombay. The British East India Company redirected trade through these new ports, reducing Surat’s importance in international trade. d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers and ensure they produced goods for the Company. Gomasthas managed production, collected finished cloth, and eliminated competition from other buyers by exerting direct control over the weavers. 2. Write True or False against each statement: a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 percent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector. False. b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century. True. c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India. False. (It increased cotton exports from India as American supplies were disrupted.) d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their Productivity. True. 3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation Ans. Proto-industrialisation refers to the early phase of industrial development that occurred before the establishment of factories. During this period, merchants moved to rural areas and engaged peasants and artisans in large-scale production for international markets. This system allowed for significant industrial output without the use of centralized factories, creating a network of commercial exchanges controlled by merchants. |
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