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Students who are looking to revise the NCERT solutions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 4: Climate can use this guide to revise the questions and answers. These solutions provide clear answers to all questions from this chapter from the textbook India Physical Environment. This chapter explores India’s climatic patterns, the mechanism of the monsoon, factors influencing temperature and rainfall distribution, seasonal variations, and regional climatic differences. You can also download the free PDF to revise the key concepts of this chapter anytime.
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Explore Notes of Class 11 India Physical Environment
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Geography India Physical Environment Chapter 4: Climate
These NCERT solutions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 will help you understand the questions and answers. Regular revision of these concepts will boost your preparation for the exam.
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) What causes rainfall on the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu in the beginning of winter?
(a) South-West monsoon
(b) Temperate cyclones
(c) North-Eastern monsoon
(d) Local air circulation
Answer:
(c) North-Eastern monsoon: The retreating southwest monsoon winds pick up moisture while moving over the Bay of Bengal and cause rainfall along the Tamil Nadu coast during the winter months (October-December).
(ii) What is the proportion of area of India which receives annual rainfall less than 75 cm?
(a) Half
(b) One-third
(c) Two-third
(d) Three-fourth
Answer:
(b) One-third: Approximately one-third of India’s land area, mainly in the northwest (Rajasthan, Gujarat, parts of Deccan Plateau, and Ladakh), receives less than 75 cm annual rainfall, leading to arid and semi-arid conditions.
(iii) Which one of the following is not a fact regarding South India?
(a) Diurnal range of temperature is less here.
(b) Annual range of temperature is less here.
(c) Temperatures here are high throughout the year.
(d) Extreme climatic conditions are found here.
Answer:
(d) Extreme climatic conditions are found here: South India has a maritime climate with moderate diurnal and annual temperature ranges, consistently high temperatures due to proximity to the equator and sea, without the extreme cold or heat seen in northern India.
(iv) Which one of the following phenomenon happens when the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere?
(a) High pressure develops over North-western India due to low temperatures.
(b) Low pressure develops over North-western India due to high temperatures.
(c) No changes in temperature and pressure occur in north-western India.
(d) ‘Loo’ blows in the North-western India
Answer:
(a) High pressure develops over North-western India due to low temperatures: This occurs during the northern winter (December-January), leading to cold conditions, high pressure in the northwest, and outflow of northeast trade winds.
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone?
Solutions: The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a broad low-pressure belt near the equator where northeast and southeast trade winds converge, causing upward air motion, cloud formation, and heavy convectional rainfall.
(ii) What is meant by ‘bursting of monsoon’? Name the place of India which gets the highest rainfall.
Solutions: Bursting of monsoon refers to the sudden and violent onset of heavy rainfall accompanied by thunder and lightning when the southwest monsoon advances. Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the highest rainfall in India.
(iii) Which type(s) of cyclones cause rainfall in north-western India during winter? Where do they originate?
Solutions: Western cyclonic disturbances (temperate cyclones) cause winter rainfall in north-western India. They originate over the Mediterranean Sea and travel eastward, carried by the westerly jet stream.
3. Answer the following questions in not more than 125 words.
(i) Notwithstanding the broad climatic unity, the climate of India has many regional variations. Elaborate this statement giving suitable examples.
Solutions: India’s climate shows broad monsoonal unity with a similar seasonal rhythm, but regional variations arise from latitude, altitude, distance from sea, and relief. For example, Drass in Ladakh experiences extreme cold (-40°C in winter) and low rainfall, while coastal Kerala has equable temperatures (around 25-30°C) and high humidity. Rainfall varies drastically: Mawsynram receives over 1,000 cm annually due to the orographic effect, whereas western Rajasthan gets less than 20 cm, forming arid zones. Temperature ranges differ too—northern plains have a high annual range (over 30°C) with hot summers and cold winters, contrasting with peninsular India’s moderate range (less than 10°C). Winter rainfall from western disturbances affects the northwest, while the Tamil Nadu coast gets rain from the retreating monsoon. These variations modify the overall monsoonal character.
(ii) How many distinct seasons are found in India as per the Indian Meteorological Department? Discuss the weather conditions associated with any one season in detail.
Solutions: The Indian Meteorological Department divides the year into four distinct seasons: Cold Weather (December-February), Hot Weather (March-May), Southwest Monsoon (June-September), and Retreating Monsoon (October-November).
Discussing the Southwest Monsoon season: It accounts for about 75-90% of annual rainfall, starting with the ‘burst’ over Kerala around June 1 and advancing northwards. Intense low pressure over northwest India draws moist southwest winds. The Arabian Sea branch brings heavy orographic rain to the Western Ghats (200-400 cm), while the Bay of Bengal branch affects the northeast and Ganga plains. High humidity, cloudy skies, thunderstorms, and occasional breaks cause variability, floods in some areas, and droughts in others. Temperatures remain high (30-40°C) but drop after rain. This season is vital for agriculture, but brings cyclones and flooding risks.
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