{"id":42588,"date":"2024-03-16T17:05:44","date_gmt":"2024-03-16T11:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/learn\/?p=42588"},"modified":"2024-03-16T17:05:44","modified_gmt":"2024-03-16T11:35:44","slug":"ielts-daily-reading-task-true-false-questions-on-how-to-make-wise-decisions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/learn\/ielts-daily-reading-task-true-false-questions-on-how-to-make-wise-decisions\/","title":{"rendered":"IELTS Daily Reading Task- TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS (How to make wise decisions)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Read the passage and answer accordingly. <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

‘How to Make Wise Decisions’<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn\u2019t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all \u2013 in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us can make wise decisions, given the right context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,\u2019 says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. \u2018Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people\u2019s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It seems that it\u2019s not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. \u2018It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,\u2019 explains Grossmann. \u2018In other words, wisdom is not solely an \u201cinner quality\u201d but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though advising a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on \u2018the focal features of the environment\u2019 and when we adopt a third-person, \u2018observer\u2019 viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even when we aren\u2019t able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. The students were instructed to imagine their career either \u2018as if you were a distant observer\u2019 or \u2018before your own eyes as if you were right there\u2019. Participants in the group assigned to the \u2018distant observer\u2019 role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it. Couples in the \u2018other\u2019s eyes\u2019 condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning \u2013 recognizing others\u2019 perspectives and searching for a compromise \u2013 compared to couples in the egocentric condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,\u2019 says Grossmann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. \u2018It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the generalized \u201ctraits\u201d,\u2019 Grossmann explains. \u2018That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise \u201cin general\u201d.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRUE<\/strong><\/td>If the statement agrees with the information<\/td><\/tr>
FALSE     <\/strong><\/td>If the statement contradicts the information<\/td><\/tr>
NOT GIVEN<\/strong><\/td>If there is no information on this<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

36. \u00a0 Students participating in the job prospects experiment could choose one of two perspectives to take.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. \u00a0 Participants in the couples experiment were aware that they were taking part in a study about wise reasoning.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. \u00a0 In the couples experiments, the length of the couples\u2019 relationships had an impact on the results.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

39. \u00a0 In both experiments, the participants who looked at the situation from a more detached viewpoint tended to make wiser decisions.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

40. \u00a0 Grossmann believes that a person\u2019s wisdom is determined by their intelligence to only a very limited extent.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n