{"id":866514,"date":"2025-08-13T18:04:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T12:34:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/?p=866514"},"modified":"2025-08-13T18:04:59","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T12:34:59","slug":"ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"NCERT Notes Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry (Free PDF)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of compounds containing carbon. Carbon is the fundamental building block of all forms of life on Earth, due to its property of catenation, carbon forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms as well as with atoms of other elements such as sulphur, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Below, we have provided the important notes of NCERT Class 11 Chemistry (Part II), Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry \u2013 Some Basic Principles and Techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Explore Notes of Class 11 Chemistry<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-background has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#ffbc8c\"><tbody><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-1-some-basic-concepts-of-chemistry\/\">Chapter 1<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-2-structure-of-atom\/\">Chapter 2<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-3-classification-of-elements-and-periodicity-in-properties\/\">Chapter 3<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-iv-chemical-bonding-and-molecular-structure\/\"><strong>Chapter 4<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-5-thermodynamics-free-pdf\/\"><strong>Chapter 5<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-background has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#ddbff8\"><tbody><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/18Um1teL6_wF3S5idw0PnVxp-0yuDbTXE\"><strong>Download PDF of NCERT Notes Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter-8: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Organic compounds are essential for life, including DNA (genetic material) and proteins (components of blood, muscles, and skin). They are present in many materials such as clothing, fuels, polymers, dyes, and medicines. Organic chemistry is about 200 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-history-of-organic-chemistry\">History of Organic Chemistry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1780, chemists distinguished between organic compounds (from plants\/animals) and inorganic compounds (from minerals). Berzelius proposed the \u201cvital force\u201d theory for the formation of organic compounds. In 1828, Friedrich W\u00f6hler disproved the \u201cvital force\u201d theory by synthesising urea from ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pioneering syntheses<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Acetic acid by Kolbe (1845)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Methane by Berthelot (1856)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These experiments proved that organic compounds can be synthesised from inorganic sources in laboratories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-tetravalence-of-carbon-shapes-of-organic-compounds\">Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tetravalence of carbon: shapes of organic compounds are discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-shapes-of-carbon-compounds\">Shapes of Carbon Compounds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Understanding molecular structure helps predict properties of organic compounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tetravalence of carbon and covalent bond formation are explained by its electronic configuration and hybridisation (sp\u00b3, sp\u00b2, sp).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>sp\u00b3<\/strong>: methane (CH\u2084)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>sp\u00b2<\/strong>: ethene (C\u2082H\u2084)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>sp<\/strong>: ethyne (C\u2082H\u2082)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hybridisation affects bond length, bond strength (enthalpy), and electronegativity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S-character in hybrid orbitals:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sp (50% s) \u2192 shortest, strongest bonds, highest electronegativity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sp\u00b2 (33% s) \u2192 intermediate properties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sp\u00b3 (25% s) \u2192 longest, weakest bonds, lowest electronegativity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Greater s-character \u2192 greater electronegativity of carbon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-some-characteristic-features-of-\u03c0-bonds\">Some Characteristic Features of \u03c0 Bonds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the important characteristic features of \u03c0 bond are discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03c0 bond forms by sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals on adjacent atoms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: in ethene (H\u2082C=CH\u2082), all atoms lie in the same plane; p orbitals are perpendicular to this plane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rotation around the C=C double bond is restricted because it disturbs p orbital overlap.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The electron cloud of the \u03c0 bond is above and below the plane of the atoms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03c0 bonds are electron-rich and hence act as reactive centres in multiple-bond molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-background\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-class-11-sociology-chapter-2-terms-concepts-and-their-use-in-sociology-notes-free-pdf\/\"><strong>NCERT Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2: Terms, Concepts, and Their Use in Sociology Notes (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structural-representations-of-organic-compounds\">Structural Representations of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The structural representations of organic compounds are discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-complete-condensed-and-bond-line-structural-formulas\">Complete, Condensed and Bond-line Structural Formulas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Organic compounds can be represented in different ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lewis (dot) structure \u2013 shows all valence electrons as dots.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dash structure \u2013 replaces shared electron pairs with dashes:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Single dash (\u2013) = single bond<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Double dash (=) = double bond<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Triple dash (\u2261) = triple bond<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Complete structural formula<\/strong> \u2013 shows all atoms and bonds (e.g., CH\u2083OH).<br><strong>Condensed structural formula<\/strong> \u2013 omits some bonds and groups identical atoms with subscripts (e.g., CH\u2083(CH\u2082)\u2086CH\u2083).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bond-line formula<\/strong> \u2013 uses zig-zag lines for C\u2013C bonds:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Carbon and hydrogen atoms are usually not shown.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terminals = CH\u2083 groups (unless specified otherwise).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Line junctions = carbon atoms with implied hydrogens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyclic compounds can also be drawn using bond-line formulas (e.g., cyclopropane, cyclopentane, chlorocyclohexane).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-three-dimensional-representation-of-organic-molecules\">Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>3-D structures are represented on paper using:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Solid wedge (\u25b2) \u2013 bond projecting out of the plane towards the observer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dashed wedge (\u25bf) \u2013 bond projecting behind the plane away from the observer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normal line (\u2014) \u2013 bond lying in the plane of the paper.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wedges are drawn with the broad end toward the observer for proper perspective.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: Methane can be depicted in 3-D using wedge-and-dash notation to show tetrahedral geometry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-background\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-class-11-sociology-chapter-2-terms-concepts-and-their-use-in-sociology-solutions-free-pdf\/\"><strong>NCERT Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2 Terms, Concepts, and Their Use in Sociology Solutions (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-classification-of-organic-compounds\">Classification of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Organic compounds are classified based on structure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-acyclic-or-open-chain-compounds\">Acyclic or Open Chain Compounds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Also called aliphatic compounds. It consists of straight chains or branched chains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-cyclic-or-closed-chain-or-ring-compounds\">Cyclic or Closed Chain or Ring Compounds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It consists of alicyclic and aromatic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Alicyclic Compounds<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cyclic compounds with carbon atoms joined in a ring.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It may also contain atoms other than carbon (heterocyclic).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: Tetrahydrofuran (contains oxygen in the ring).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Share some properties with aliphatic compounds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aromatic Compounds<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Special type of cyclic compounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Include benzene and related compounds (benzenoid).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Non-benzenoid aromatic compounds exist as well.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can also be heterocyclic aromatic compounds (contain atoms like O, N, S in the ring).<br>Examples: Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-functional-group\">Functional Group<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An atom or group of atoms attached to a carbon chain that gives the compound its characteristic chemical properties. Examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2013OH (hydroxyl group)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2013CHO (aldehyde group)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2013COOH (carboxylic acid group)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-homologous-series\">Homologous Series<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The homologous series is discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A group\/series of compounds with the same functional group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members (homologs) have the same general formula.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Successive members differ by a \u2013CH\u2082\u2013 unit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples of series:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alkanes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkenes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkynes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Haloalkanes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkanols<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkanals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkanones<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkanoic acids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compounds with two or more functional groups are called polyfunctional compounds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nomenclature-of-organic-compounds\">Nomenclature of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Organic chemistry contains millions of compounds. A systematic naming method ensures each compound has a unique name that reveals its structure. This method is called the IUPAC system (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Before IUPAC, compounds were named based on origin or properties \u2192 trivial\/common names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examples: Citric acid (from citrus fruits), Formic acid (from ants, <em>formica<\/em> in Latin).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common names are still in use for convenience, e.g., Buckminsterfullerene (C\u2086\u2080).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-background\"><strong>Also Read: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-sociology-chapter-3-understanding-social-institutions\/\"><strong>NCERT Class 11 Sociology Chapter 3: Understanding Social Institutions Notes (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-iupac-system-of-nomenclature\">IUPAC System of Nomenclature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Derived from identifying the parent hydrocarbon and functional group(s). Prefixes and suffixes are added to indicate substituents and functional groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hydrocarbons<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Saturated \u2192 only single bonds \u2192 Alkanes (suffix: -ane).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unsaturated \u2192 contain at least one double or triple bond.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-iupac-nomenclature-of-alkanes\">IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes is discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-straight-chain-hydrocarbons\"><strong>Straight Chain Hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Names end with -ane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms (from CH\u2084 to C\u2084H\u2081\u2080 have special prefixes from trivial names).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members differ by a \u2013CH\u2082\u2013 unit \u2192 homologous series<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-branched-chain-hydrocarbons\"><strong>Branched Chain Hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Alkyl group<\/strong>: formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane (replace -ane with -yl).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Example: CH\u2084 \u2192 -CH\u2083 (methyl group).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Common alkyl groups<\/strong>: n-propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rules-for-naming-branched-alkanes\">Rules for Naming Branched Alkanes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The rules for naming branched alkanes are pointed out below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Select the longest chain<\/strong> as the parent chain (must include the maximum carbon atoms).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Number the chain<\/strong> from the end nearest to the first substituent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Name and number substituents<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>List substituents as prefixes in alphabetical order.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separate numbers with commas and use hyphens between numbers and names.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identical substituents: use di-, tri, tetra, etc. (not counted for alphabetical order).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If two chains of equal length, choose the one with more substituents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyclic compounds: Prefix &#8220;cyclo&#8221; to the alkane name.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbering follows the same rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Examples<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>6-ethyl-2-methylnonane<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2,4-dimethylpentane<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3-ethyl-4,4-dimethylheptane<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3-ethyl-6-methyloctane<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nomenclature-of-compounds-with-functional-group-s\">Nomenclature of Compounds with Functional Group(s)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The nomenclature of compounds with functional groups is discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Functional group<\/strong>: Atom\/group of atoms giving characteristic chemical properties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compounds with the same functional group \u2192 similar reactions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Steps<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify the principal functional group \u2192 decide suffix.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose the longest chain containing the functional group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number chain to give the functional group the lowest number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Priority order (highest to lowest):<br>-COOH > \u2013SO\u2083H > \u2013COOR > \u2013COCl > \u2013CONH\u2082 > \u2013CN > \u2013CHO > >C=O > \u2013OH > \u2013NH\u2082 > >C=C&lt; > \u2013C\u2261C\u2013\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>R, C\u2086H\u2085-, halogens, \u2013NO\u2082, \u2013OR are always prefix substituents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Examples<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>HOCH\u2082(CH\u2082)\u2083CH\u2082COCH\u2083 \u2192 7-hydroxyheptan-2-one<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BrCH\u2082CH=CH\u2082 \u2192 3-bromoprop-1-ene<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CH\u2082(OH)CH\u2082(OH) \u2192 ethane-1,2-diol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CH\u2082=CH\u2013CH=CH\u2082 \u2192 buta-1,3-diene<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nomenclature-of-substituted-benzene-compounds\">Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene Compounds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The nomenclature of substituted benzene compounds is discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Substituent name + benzene as parent.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examples: methylbenzene (toluene), methoxybenzene (anisole), aminobenzene (aniline), nitrobenzene, bromobenzene.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disubstituted benzenes:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Number to give the lowest possible locants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Substituents listed alphabetically.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: 1,3-dibromobenzene (not 1,5-).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trivial prefixes:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>o- (ortho) \u2192 positions 1,2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>m- (meta) \u2192 positions 1,3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>p- (para) \u2192 positions 1,4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tri- or higher substituted compounds: use locants instead of o, m-, p-.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If benzene acts as a substituent \u2192 phenyl group (C\u2086H\u2085-, Ph).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-isomerism\">Isomerism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Same molecular formula but different properties \u2192 compounds called isomers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Types<\/strong>:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Structural isomerism<\/strong> \u2013 different connectivity of atoms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chain isomerism<\/strong> \u2013 different carbon skeletons (e.g., C\u2085H\u2081\u2082).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Position isomerism<\/strong> \u2013 functional group at different positions (e.g., C\u2083H\u2088O).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Functional group isomerism<\/strong> \u2013 different functional groups (e.g., C\u2083H\u2086O \u2192 aldehyde &amp; ketone).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Metamerism<\/strong> \u2013 different alkyl chains on either side of a functional group (e.g., ethers C\u2084H\u2081\u2080O).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stereoisomerism<\/strong> \u2013 same connectivity, different spatial arrangement.\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Geometrical isomerism<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Optical isomerism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Substrate<\/strong>: Reactant supplying carbon to the new bond.<br><strong>Reagent<\/strong>: Species attacking the substrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fission-of-covalent-bonds\">Fission of Covalent Bonds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Fission of covalent bonds is discussed below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Heterolytic cleavage<\/strong> \u2192 unequal breaking; produces:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Carbocation<\/strong> (C\u207a) \u2013 electron-deficient, sp\u00b2 hybridised, trigonal planar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Carbanion<\/strong> (C\u207b) \u2013 electron-rich, sp\u00b3 hybridised.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polar (ionic) reactions<\/strong> proceed via heterolysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Homolytic cleavage<\/strong> \u2192 equal breaking; produces:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Free radicals<\/strong> \u2013 unpaired electrons, very reactive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Free radical reactions<\/strong> proceed via homolysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-substrate-amp-reagent-types\">Substrate &amp; Reagent Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two substrate and reagent types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nucleophile (Nu:)<\/strong> \u2013 electron pair donor, attacks electron-deficient sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrophile (E\u207a)<\/strong> \u2013 electron pair acceptor, attacks electron-rich sites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-electron-displacement-effects\">Electron Displacement Effects<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Different types of electron displacement effects are provided below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inductive Effect (I-effect)<\/strong> \u2013 permanent shift of \u03c3-electrons due to electronegativity difference; decreases with distance.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u2013I<\/strong> groups: withdraw electrons (e.g., \u2013NO\u2082, \u2013CN, \u2013COOH).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>+I<\/strong> groups: donate electrons (e.g., \u2013CH\u2083, \u2013C\u2082H\u2085).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resonance<\/strong> \u2013 delocalisation of \u03c0-electrons; the actual molecule is a resonance hybrid.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>+R effect<\/strong>: Electron donation by resonance (e.g., \u2013OH, \u2013NH\u2082).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u2013R effect<\/strong>: Electron withdrawal by resonance (e.g., \u2013NO\u2082, \u2013CN).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electromeric Effect (E-effect)<\/strong> \u2013 temporary complete transfer of \u03c0-electrons in the presence of a reagent.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>+E<\/strong>: electrons move toward the atom, bonding with the reagent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u2013E<\/strong>: electrons move away from the atom, bonding with the reagent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hyperconjugation<\/strong> \u2013 delocalisation of \u03c3 C\u2013H electrons to adjacent \u03c0-system or empty p-orbital; stabilises carbocations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-types-of-organic-reactions\">Types of Organic Reactions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Categories<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Substitution reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Addition reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elimination reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rearrangement reactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-methods-of-purification-of-organic-compounds\">Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Purpose<\/strong>: Remove impurities from extracted or synthesised compounds.<br><strong>Common techniques<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sublimation<\/strong>\u2013separates sublimable solids from non-sublimable impurities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crystallisation<\/strong> \u2013 uses solubility differences; a pure solid crystallises on cooling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Distillation<\/strong> \u2013 separates volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities or liquids with large boiling point differences.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fractional distillation<\/strong> \u2013 for liquids with close boiling points; uses a fractionating column.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Differential extraction<\/strong> \u2013 separates an organic compound from an aqueous medium using an immiscible organic solvent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromatography<\/strong> \u2013 separates mixtures into components, purifies compounds, and tests purity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-qualitative-analysis-of-organic-compounds\">Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this section, we have discussed the qualitative analysis of organic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elements-in-organic-compounds\">Elements in Organic Compounds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Always present: Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)<br>May also contain: Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S), Halogens (Cl, Br, I), Phosphorus (P)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-detection-of-carbon-amp-hydrogen\">Detection of Carbon &amp; Hydrogen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The detection of carbon and hydrogen can be accomplished below<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compound heated with <strong>CuO<\/strong> \u2192\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C \u2192 <strong>CO\u2082<\/strong> (lime water \u2192 turbidity)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H \u2192 <strong>H\u2082O<\/strong> (anhydrous CuSO\u2084 \u2192 blue)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Key reactions:<br>C + 2CuO \u2192 2Cu + CO\u2082<br>2H + CuO \u2192 Cu + H\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-detection-of-other-elements-lassaigne-s-test\">Detection of Other Elements (Lassaigne\u2019s Test)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Principle<\/strong>: Convert covalent elements to ionic form by fusing with sodium metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sodium fusion extract is prepared by boiling the fused mass with distilled water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-nitrogen\"><strong>(A) Nitrogen<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sodium fusion extract + FeSO\u2084 + H\u2082SO\u2084 \u2192 Prussian blue confirms N.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-b-sulphur\"><strong>(B) Sulphur<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Acidify with acetic acid + Pb(CH\u2083COO)\u2082 \u2192 Black PbS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Na\u2082S + sodium nitroprusside \u2192 Violet colour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-c-halogens\"><strong>(C) Halogens<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Acidify with HNO\u2083 + AgNO\u2083:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>White ppt (soluble in NH\u2084OH) \u2192 Cl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pale yellow ppt (partially soluble) \u2192 Br<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yellow ppt (insoluble) \u2192 I<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If N\/S present, pre-treat with conc. HNO\u2083 to remove interference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-d-phosphorus\"><strong>(D) Phosphorus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oxidize with Na\u2082O\u2082 \u2192 phosphate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Boil with HNO\u2083 + (NH\u2084)\u2082MoO\u2084 \u2192 Yellow ammonium phosphomolybdate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quantitative-analysis-of-organic-compounds\">Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To determine the mass percentage of elements, \u2192 helps find the empirical &amp; molecular formula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carbon-amp-hydrogen\">Carbon &amp; Hydrogen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The quantitative analysis of carbon and hydrogen can be accomplished below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Burn known mass with excess O\u2082 + CuO \u2192 C \u2192 CO\u2082, H \u2192 H\u2082O.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mass of CO\u2082 \u2192 %C; Mass of H\u2082O \u2192 %H.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nitrogen\">Nitrogen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The quantitative analysis of nitrogen can be accomplished below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dumas Method<\/strong> \u2013 Burn with CuO in CO\u2082 atmosphere \u2192 N\u2082 collected over KOH solution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kjeldahl\u2019s Method<\/strong> \u2013 Digest with H\u2082SO\u2084 \u2192 (NH\u2084)\u2082SO\u2084 \u2192 release NH\u2083 with NaOH \u2192 absorb in H\u2082SO\u2084 \u2192 back titrate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-halogens-carius-method\">Halogens (Carius Method)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Heat with fuming HNO\u2083 + AgNO\u2083 in Carius tube \u2192 AgX ppt weighed \u2192 %Halogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sulphur\">Sulphur<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Oxidise with Na\u2082O\u2082 or HNO\u2083 \u2192 H\u2082SO\u2084 \u2192 ppt as BaSO\u2084 \u2192 weigh \u2192 %S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-phosphorus\">Phosphorus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Oxidise to H\u2083PO\u2084 \u2192 ppt as ammonium phosphomolybdate or MgNH\u2084PO\u2084 \u2192 ignite \u2192 Mg\u2082P\u2082O\u2087 \u2192 weigh \u2192 %P.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-oxygen\">Oxygen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The quantitative analysis of oxygen can be accomplished below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Usually found by difference method: 100 \u2013 (%C + %H + %N + %X + %S + %P).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Direct estimation: Heat in N\u2082 stream \u2192 convert O \u2192 CO \u2192 oxidise with I\u2082O\u2085 \u2192 CO\u2082 \u2192 relate to O content.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-important-formulas-in-ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques\">Important Formulas in NCERT Notes Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are the important formulas in normal copy-paste format from NCERT Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rf = Distance moved by the substance from baseline (x) \/ Distance moved by the solvent from baseline (y)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>%S = (32 \u00d7 m1 \u00d7 100) \/ (233 \u00d7 m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>%P (from ammonium phosphomolybdate) = (31 \u00d7 m1 \u00d7 100) \/ (1877 \u00d7 m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>%P (from Mg2P2O7) = (62 \u00d7 m1 \u00d7 100) \/ (222 \u00d7 m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>%O = (32 \u00d7 m1 \u00d7 100) \/ (88 \u00d7 m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Successive members of a homologous series differ by a \u2013CH2 unit<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C + 2CuO \u2192 2Cu + CO2<br>2H + CuO \u2192 Cu + H2O<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kjeldahl\u2019s method: N in compound \u2192(H2SO4) (NH4)2SO4 \u2192(NaOH) NH3\u2191<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dumas method: CxHyNz + (2x + y\/2) CuO \u2192 xCO2 + (y\/2) H2O + (z\/2) N2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>6CN\u2013 + Fe2+ \u2192 [Fe(CN)6]4\u2013<br>3[Fe(CN)6]4\u2013 + 4Fe3+ \u2192 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (Prussian Blue)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Explore Notes of Class 11 Chemistry<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-background has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#ffbc8c\"><tbody><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-1-some-basic-concepts-of-chemistry\/\">Chapter 1<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-2-structure-of-atom\/\">Chapter 2<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-3-classification-of-elements-and-periodicity-in-properties\/\">Chapter 3<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-iv-chemical-bonding-and-molecular-structure\/\"><strong>Chapter 4<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-5-thermodynamics-free-pdf\/\"><strong>Chapter 5<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Download the Solutions of Other Chapters of Class 11 Chemistry<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-background has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#ffe69f\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-chemistry-part-1-chapter-1-some-basic-concepts-of-chemistry\/\"><strong>Chapter 1<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-2-structure-of-atom-free-pdf\/\"><strong>Chapter 2<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-chemistry-part-1-chapter-3-classification-of-elements-and-periodicity-in-properties\/\"><strong>Chapter 3<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-chemistry-part-1-chapter-iv-chemical-bonding-molecular-structure\/\"><strong>Chapter 4<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-chemistry-part-i-chapter-6-equilibrium\/\"><strong>Chapter 5<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Related Reads<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-pale-ocean-gradient-background has-background has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-english-woven-words-poem-1-the-peacock\/\"><strong>NCERT Notes Class 11 English Woven Words Poem 1: The Peacock (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-english-woven-words-poem-1-the-peacock\/\"><strong>NCERT Solutions Class 11 English Woven Words Poem 1: The Peacock (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-english-woven-words-chapter-8-the-luncheon\/\"><strong>NCERT Notes Class 11 English Woven Words Chapter 8: The Luncheon (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-solutions-class-11-english-woven-words-chapter-8-the-luncheon\/\"><strong>NCERT Solutions Class 11 English Woven Words Chapter 8: The Luncheon (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-sociology-chapter-1-sociology-and-society\/\"><strong>NCERT Class 11 Sociology Chapter 1 Sociology And Society Notes (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-class-11-sociology-chapter-1-sociology-and-society-solutions-free-pdf\/\"><strong>NCERT Class 11 Sociology Chapter 1 Sociology and Society Solutions (Free PDF)<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"IUPAC Nomenclature 01 | Some Basic Principles and Techniques | Chapter 12 | Class 11 | JEE | NEET |\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/F_cBOZl0KfU?list=PLF_7kfnwLFCHPbBcKikKO0agLbZeLGTJI\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Source- Physics Wallah<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Explore notes on other subjects in the NCERT Class 11<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-background has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#b1e2ff\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-and-solutions-class-11-english\/\"><strong>English<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-and-solutions-class-11-sociology\/\"><strong>Sociology<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-and-solutions-class-11-geography\/\"><strong>Geography<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-and-solutions-class-11-political-science\/\"><strong>Political Science<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-and-solutions-class-11-psychology\/\">Psychology<\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faqs\">FAQs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1754977932549\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Q1. What is the principle behind chromatography?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Ans: Chromatography works on the principle of differential migration of the components of a mixture through a stationary phase under the influence of a mobile phase. The separation is based on the different affinities of components towards the stationary and mobile phases.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1754977951151\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Q2. How is nitrogen estimated in an organic compound?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Ans: Nitrogen can be estimated by the Dumas method or Kjeldahl\u2019s method. In Dumas&#8217; method, the nitrogen gas formed is collected and measured. In Kjeldahl\u2019s method, nitrogen is converted to ammonia, which is then absorbed in a known amount of acid and back-titrated with a standard alkali.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1754977968690\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Q3. What is the use of the Rf value in chromatography?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Ans: The Rf value (retardation factor) is used to identify compounds in chromatography. It is calculated as:<br\/>Rf = Distance moved by the substance from baseline \/ Distance moved by the solvent from baseline.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>For more topics, follow LeverageEdu <a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/category\/school-education\/ncert-study-material\/\"><strong>NCERT Study Material<\/strong><\/a> today!&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of compounds containing carbon. Carbon is&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":133,"featured_media":866560,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[477,389],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-866514","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-ncert-study-material","8":"category-school-education"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>NCERT Notes Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry (Free PDF) - Leverage Edu Discover<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Download free NCERT Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry notes in PDF format. Covers basic principles, techniques, formulas, classifications, and reactions\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NCERT Notes Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry (Free PDF)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Download free NCERT Class 11 Chemistry (Part-II) Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry notes in PDF format. 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His expertise lies in simplifying complex information into engaging, student-friendly content. Passionate about global education, Devanshu crafts stories that empower students to make informed decisions about their academic and career journeys.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/devsrivastava3"],"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/author\/devanshusrivastava\/"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/#faq-question-1754977932549","position":1,"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/#faq-question-1754977932549","name":"Q1. What is the principle behind chromatography?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Ans: Chromatography works on the principle of differential migration of the components of a mixture through a stationary phase under the influence of a mobile phase. The separation is based on the different affinities of components towards the stationary and mobile phases.","inLanguage":"en-US"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/#faq-question-1754977951151","position":2,"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/#faq-question-1754977951151","name":"Q2. How is nitrogen estimated in an organic compound?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Ans: Nitrogen can be estimated by the Dumas method or Kjeldahl\u2019s method. In Dumas' method, the nitrogen gas formed is collected and measured. In Kjeldahl\u2019s method, nitrogen is converted to ammonia, which is then absorbed in a known amount of acid and back-titrated with a standard alkali.","inLanguage":"en-US"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/#faq-question-1754977968690","position":3,"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/school-education\/ncert-notes-class-11-chemistry-part-ii-chapter-8-organic-chemistry\/#faq-question-1754977968690","name":"Q3. What is the use of the Rf value in chromatography?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Ans: The Rf value (retardation factor) is used to identify compounds in chromatography. It is calculated as:<br\/>Rf = Distance moved by the substance from baseline \/ Distance moved by the solvent from baseline.","inLanguage":"en-US"},"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/866514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/133"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=866514"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/866514\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/866560"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=866514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=866514"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=866514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}