{"id":829226,"date":"2024-05-31T12:05:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-31T06:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/?p=829226"},"modified":"2024-05-31T12:05:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-31T06:35:25","slug":"indian-history-battle-of-chausa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/","title":{"rendered":"Battle of Chausa and Kannauj: Causes, Events, and Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The Battle of Chausa (1539) and the Battle of Kannauj (1540) were significant events in Indian history during the early 16th century. These battles took place between Emperor Humayun of the Mughal Empire and Sher Shah Suri, an emerging Afghan leader. Both battles played an important role in shaping the political changes of that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this blog, we will learn about the causes that led to these battles, the main events that took place, and their overall impact on Indian history. This will help us better understand the developments during the Mughal period and the rise of Sher Shah Suri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Background of the Conflict<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After the death of Emperor Babur, his son Humayun became the ruler of the Mughal Empire. At the same time, an Afghan leader named Sher Khan (later known as Sher Shah Suri) was becoming powerful in eastern India. Humayun wanted to stop Sher Khan from growing stronger, while Sher Khan was preparing to challenge the Mughal Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Battle of Chausa<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Battle of Kannauj<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Date<\/strong><\/td><td>26 June 1539<\/td><td>17 May 1540<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Place of the Battle<\/strong><\/td><td>Chausa of Bihar<\/td><td>Kannauj of \u200eUttar Pradesh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Forces Involved<\/strong><\/td><td>Sher Shah Suri Vs Mughal Emperor Humayun<\/td><td>Sher Shah Suri Vs Mughal Emperor Humayun<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Won By<\/strong><\/td><td>Sher Shah Suri<\/td><td>Sher Shah Suri<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-battle-of-chausa-event-and-outcome\">Battle of Chausa: Event and Outcome<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Battle of Chausa was a battle fought between the Sur Dynasty and the Mughal emperor Humayun. The battle was fought at Chausa in Bihar on June 26, 1539. The Sur emperor, Sher Shah Suri, won the battle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Humayun<\/strong> extensively travelled through the Grand Trunk road, which passes through south Bihar and is under the jurisdiction of Sher Khan.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Humayun was forced to go through the Ganges again to reach Chausa, which is on the border between Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, where Sher Khan also arrived.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The two armies remained there for three months, facing each other, between April and June 1539 AD.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peace talks were held, but nothing came out of them.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sher Khan deliberately prolonged the battle and employed a strategy in place. He waited for the rains to start, which eventually started.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On June 25, he signalled to the Mughals that he would capture a tribal ruler in Bihar. But on the following morning i.e. on June 26, he returned and launched a 3-pronged attack against the Mughal army.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The entire Mughal army was wiped out. Humayun then jumped into the Ganges, navigated it with a water carrier, and escaped.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>After this battle, Sher Khan declared himself to be the Emperor with the title \u201c Sher Shah\u201d. Thereafter, Sher Shah returned to Kannauj, after also conquering Bengal. Humayun&#8217;s liberal policies and his pardon of his rebellious brothers made it impossible for them to unite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-battle-of-kannauj-event-and-outcome\">Battle of Kannauj: Event and Outcome<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Mughal Army was again led by the Mughal Emperor Humayun, but they were unable to overcome the Afghans, except for an early victory.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In order to consolidate his power over Bengal, Sher Shah destroyed the forces of Humayun that were stationed there.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Finally, to resolve his conflicts, he marched his forces on Agra, thus consolidating his rule over the entire eastern India. Sher Shah also possessed Kalpi and Kannauj<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On the other hand, Humayun was unhappy with any help from his brothers, so he moved his forces to lower ground by crossing the south bank.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, the rains began to fall,&nbsp; but Humayun didn\u2019t care and made the same mistake he made at Chausa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The two armies faced each other for around a month without any fighting, but as the rains started to fall Humayun&#8217;s camp was flooded with so much rain that all his weapons and ammunition had been destroyed.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sher Shah looked forward to this opportunity and finally on the 17th of May 1540 A.D., when he saw that the Mughals were moving their camps, he attacked.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The attack caused chaos and resulted in the destruction of the entire Mughal Army.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Humayun fought a brave battle but lost and was forced to flee.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>After the battle of Bilgram, Humayun almost went on the run. He reached Agra but Sher Shah chased him with a large army. Humayun learned about the defeat at Delhi and Agra only when he reached Lahore.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Humayun&#8217;s brother ran into him in Lahore, but because of their selfish ambitions, they were unable to unite against Sher Khan. Hindal, his younger brother, wanted to take over Sindh, while Kamran was busy planning the security of the Punjab and Afghanistan. Kamran&#8217;s brother stopped him from travelling to Kashmir, so he went to Sindh through Lahore. Eventually, Humayun fled from India to seek refuge with the Persian Shah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-causes-of-humayun-s-failure-against-sher-shah\">Causes of Humayun\u2019s Failure against Sher Shah<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The reasons for Humayun&#8217;s defeat against Sher Shah in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Humayun&#8217;s neglect of the welfare of his people during his reign from 1530 to 1540, which led to empty treasuries and public discontent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Humayun&#8217;s failure to understand the Afghan authority and Sher Shah&#8217;s deceptive tactics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cohesive nature of Afghan tribes in north India and their ability to unite under effective leaders like Sher Shah Suri.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Mughals&#8217; numerical disadvantage was without the support of local lords and zamindars due to Humayun&#8217;s strained relationships with his brothers and alleged character flaws.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Humayun&#8217;s<\/strong> strategic errors, such as the poorly planned Bengal campaign and his misinterpretation of Sher Shah&#8217;s intentions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Humayun&#8217;s failure to recapture territory after his defeat at Chausa and his defensive approach, which diminished his reputation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During the Battle of Kannauj, Humayun&#8217;s mistakes, such as choosing a low-lying camp and remaining inactive for an extended period, ultimately led to his defeat when Sher Shah launched a sudden attack.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Humayun&#8217;s failure<\/strong> to retake the territory from Kanauj to Banaras after his defeat at Chausa in 1539 was compounded by his defensive strategy, which lowered his standing. Additionally, he failed to effectively utilize his artillery when <strong>Sher Shah Suri<\/strong> unexpectedly attacked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faqs\">FAQs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1747743792124\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What was the main reason behind the Battle of Chausa and Kannauj?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">The main reason was the growing power of Sher Shah Suri (then Sher Khan) in eastern India. Humayun, the Mughal emperor, aimed to stop Sher Shah from expanding his influence. The conflicts at Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540) were direct outcomes of this power struggle.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1747743793316\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Who won the Battle of Chausa and Kannauj?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Sher Shah Suri won both battles. He defeated Humayun at Chausa in 1539 and again at Kannauj in 1540. These victories allowed him to establish the Sur Empire and become the ruler of northern India.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1747743794202\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What happened to Humayun after the Battle of Kannauj?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">After losing the Battle of Kannauj, Humayun fled India and spent nearly 15 years in exile. He later received help from the Persian ruler Shah Tahmasp I and returned to reclaim the Mughal throne in 1555.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Relevant Blogs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/indian-exams\/indian-history-janjira-fort-history\/\"><strong>Janjira Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-amer-fort-history\/\"><strong>Amer Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-kumbhalgarh-fort-history\/\"><strong>Kumbhalgarh Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-histor-of-fatehpur-sikri\/\"><strong>History of Fatehpur Sikri<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-jaisalmer-fort-history\/\"><strong>Jaisalmer Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><strong>Traditional Art Forms of India<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-names-of-india\/\"><strong>All the Names of India Throughout History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-harihar-fort-history\/\"><strong>Harihar Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>History of Indian Art<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-red-fort-history\/\"><strong>Red Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-naldurg-fort-history\/\"><strong>Naldurg Fort History<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-types-of-vedas\/\"><strong>Types of Vedas: Important Features &amp; Details<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This was all about the Battles of Chausa and Kannauj. For more content related to the different battles fought in India, visit our articles like this, you can get Study notes on the Modern History of India here. Also, you can visit our general knowledge page on Indian History!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The Battle of Chausa (1539) and the Battle of Kannauj (1540) were significant events in Indian history during&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":105,"featured_media":829227,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[367,459],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-829226","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-knowledge","8":"category-indian-history-gk"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Battle of Chausa and Kannauj: Causes, Events, and Impact - Leverage Edu Discover<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Get to know about the Battles of Chausa and Kannauj. 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The Battle of Chausa and the Battle of Kannauj led to Humayun's decline in India.","og_url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/","og_site_name":"Leverage Edu Discover","article_published_time":"2024-05-31T06:35:25+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":640,"url":"https:\/\/blogassets.leverageedu.com\/media\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/14121202\/Battle-Of-Chausa-and-Kannauj.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Rajshree Lahoty","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Rajshree Lahoty","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/"},"author":{"name":"Rajshree Lahoty","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/#\/schema\/person\/7f7c1a39bc913c102af72112ab39ba81"},"headline":"Battle of Chausa and Kannauj: Causes, Events, and Impact","datePublished":"2024-05-31T06:35:25+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/"},"wordCount":1248,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogassets.leverageedu.com\/media\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/14121202\/Battle-Of-Chausa-and-Kannauj.png","articleSection":["General Knowledge","Indian History"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":["WebPage","FAQPage"],"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/","url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/","name":"Battle of Chausa and Kannauj: Causes, Events, and Impact - Leverage Edu Discover","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogassets.leverageedu.com\/media\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/14121202\/Battle-Of-Chausa-and-Kannauj.png","datePublished":"2024-05-31T06:35:25+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/#\/schema\/person\/7f7c1a39bc913c102af72112ab39ba81"},"description":"Get to know about the Battles of Chausa and Kannauj. The Battle of Chausa and the Battle of Kannauj led to Humayun's decline in India.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#breadcrumb"},"mainEntity":[{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743792124"},{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743793316"},{"@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743794202"}],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blogassets.leverageedu.com\/media\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/14121202\/Battle-Of-Chausa-and-Kannauj.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogassets.leverageedu.com\/media\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/14121202\/Battle-Of-Chausa-and-Kannauj.png","width":1024,"height":640,"caption":"Battles of Chausa and Kannauj, Battle of Chausa, Battle of Kannauj"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Battle of Chausa and Kannauj: Causes, Events, and Impact"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/#website","url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/","name":"Leverage Edu Discover","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/#\/schema\/person\/7f7c1a39bc913c102af72112ab39ba81","name":"Rajshree Lahoty","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5811bf27ed05eb3620386d0be1a22db133d39fa0b1a8665c76476fc4685fa9bf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5811bf27ed05eb3620386d0be1a22db133d39fa0b1a8665c76476fc4685fa9bf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5811bf27ed05eb3620386d0be1a22db133d39fa0b1a8665c76476fc4685fa9bf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Rajshree Lahoty"},"description":"Meet Rajshree Lahoty, the writer behind insightful blogs on study abroad adventures and general knowledge trivia. Armed with a pen mightier than the sword (and a keyboard!), she navigates through the lanes of knowledge with a dash of research and a sprinkle of information. Join her escapades in solving the mysteries of the world!","url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/author\/rajshree\/"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743792124","position":1,"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743792124","name":"What was the main reason behind the Battle of Chausa and Kannauj?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The main reason was the growing power of Sher Shah Suri (then Sher Khan) in eastern India. Humayun, the Mughal emperor, aimed to stop Sher Shah from expanding his influence. The conflicts at Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540) were direct outcomes of this power struggle.","inLanguage":"en-US"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743793316","position":2,"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743793316","name":"Who won the Battle of Chausa and Kannauj?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Sher Shah Suri won both battles. He defeated Humayun at Chausa in 1539 and again at Kannauj in 1540. These victories allowed him to establish the Sur Empire and become the ruler of northern India.","inLanguage":"en-US"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743794202","position":3,"url":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-battle-of-chausa\/#faq-question-1747743794202","name":"What happened to Humayun after the Battle of Kannauj?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"After losing the Battle of Kannauj, Humayun fled India and spent nearly 15 years in exile. He later received help from the Persian ruler Shah Tahmasp I and returned to reclaim the Mughal throne in 1555.","inLanguage":"en-US"},"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/829226","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/105"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=829226"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/829226\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/829227"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=829226"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=829226"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=829226"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}